Community supported agriculture (CSA)
Community supported agriculture (CSA) is a partnership between farmers and consumers, where consumers purchase a share of a farm’s products in advance, typically paying in full in the wintertime when farms need capital to prepare for the spring. During the high growing season (roughly May to October), CSA members receive deliveries of vegetables, fruits, and herbs; some CSAs include other farm products such as eggs, meat, milk, cheese, flowers, or baked goods. CSA programs vary by farm and community, though most feature organic, sustainably raised products, and have pick-up locations in nearby neighborhoods and on the farm. Most CSA programs encourage members to participate in community-building opportunities on the farm with other members; some also encourage members to work on the farm in exchange for reduced membership costs1, 2. Some CSA programs partner with non-profit organizations to offer working shares, flexible payment plans, or other lower cost options3, 4. Some programs provide subsidies of a portion of the share price for participants with limited resources3; some employers offer incentive vouchers to encourage employees’ participation in CSA programs5.
What could this strategy improve?
Expected Benefits
Our evidence rating is based on the likelihood of achieving these outcomes:
Increased access to healthy food
Increased healthy food consumption
Potential Benefits
Our evidence rating is not based on these outcomes, but these benefits may also be possible:
Reduced food insecurity
Strengthened local & regional food systems
Reduced emissions
Increased earnings
What does the research say about effectiveness?
There is some evidence that subsidized or incentivized community supported agriculture (CSA) programs can increase access to and consumption of healthy foods, including fruit and vegetables3, 5, 6, 7, 8. Such CSA programs may increase the variety and amount of fruit and vegetables consumed among participating adults with low incomes3, 6, 8. Additional evidence is needed to confirm effects, including differences among CSA models and health outcomes in the long-term.
Subsidized CSA programs with tailored nutrition education, designed for households with low incomes in rural and micropolitan communities, may improve cooking confidence and skills, fruit and vegetable intake, and physical activity among adult caregivers after one season of participation3. Such programs are associated with caregivers’ more frequent fruit and vegetable preparation as children’s snacks9; however, overall effects on children from families with low incomes are unclear3, 10. Community health center-based subsidized CSA programs may improve healthy eating among adults6, 8. Employer-based incentivized CSA programs that offer on-site share pick-ups may increase participants’ access to fresh produce, the amount and variety of fruits and vegetables consumed5, 11, 12, 13, household food purchasing and interest in nutrition11, 12, and may reduce diet-related medical claims5.
Subsidized CSA programs seem to strengthen participants’ social connections with farmers and communities14. Such programs have the potential to reduce food insecurity among households with low incomes3, 6, 15 and help households with low incomes meet recommended levels for vegetable consumption10. However, CSAs alone may not fully address food insecurity problems without consideration of community investments and health care policies16.
In general, CSA participation may also improve health status7, especially among participants who report lower than average health prior to CSA enrollment11, 17. Participation is associated with improved diet18, 19, more cooking at home19, 20, 21, 22, and in some cases, improved weight status or body mass index (BMI)3, 6, 18. Households with low incomes are more likely to report improved diet, increased consumption of vegetables, less time spent shopping, and less money spent on food after CSA participation compared to households with higher incomes23. The number of CSA programs and farmers markets per 100,000 state residents do not seem to be associated with state-level physical wellbeing: the location and accessibility of CSAs and farmers markets, local and regional food systems, and policies supporting fresh and healthy food appear to play a more critical role in residents’ wellbeing16.
CSA programs may strengthen and improve local and regional food systems, contribute to greater food system sustainability24, 25, and enhance economic sustainability as they distribute fresh fruits and vegetables from local farms to urban and rural areas in the same region and shorten the food supply chain19, 26, 27. CSA programs offering sustainably produced, seasonal food may reduce emissions from fossil fuels used to produce, process, and transport food28, 29, 30. Most CSA farms use environmentally friendly farming practices that improve soil properties and support biodiversity24. CSA participation may also reduce the energy intensity of an individual’s diet if more plant-based foods are consumed in place of animal products28.
Farmers perceive CSA participation as an overall benefit to their business despite the additional burden on farmers’ time and resources31. For farmers, the CSA prepayment model can increase cash flow, provide a stable income, and transfer some production risk to consumers21, 32. Member turnover from year to year can be a challenge7; however, for some groups, using a pay-as-you-go model may increase membership33. Administrative burdens such as changing logistics and keeping track of participants can also be a challenge to CSA farmers34. Researchers recommend ensuring sustainable income opportunities for CSA farmers26.
Barriers to CSA participation can include the time and knowledge required to prepare whole foods19, 35, long distances to pick up locations, transportation issues, parking difficulties, work schedules, and child care challenges23, 36, 37. Interviews with rural households with low incomes suggest cost, accessibility, and produce selection and quality can also be barriers38. Concerns about food convenience and affordability seemed to limit participation in one employer-sponsored CSA program39. To reduce some of these barriers, experts recommend flexible distribution practices including self-selection of fruits and vegetables, outreach about produce seasonality and CSA programs, education and tools to assist with fruit and vegetable preparation, subsidies for families who experience financial difficulties26, 38, sliding scale pricing, and Electronic Benefits Transfer (EBT) acceptance for CSA payments23.
Environmental and nutritional motivations are associated with choosing to participate in a CSA program7, 32, 40. Individuals who are younger, have higher incomes, support sustainable agriculture, and view communication with CSA farms positively are more likely to renew their CSA memberships41, 42. Increasing food variety and quantity, providing convenient pick-up times, and fostering cooperation among CSA farms may support CSA member retention26, 43.
Subsidized CSA programs appear to be cost-effective for both the agricultural sector and health care by increasing farmers’ economic benefits and reducing long-term rates of cardiovascular disease and diabetes among participants with low incomes44. An analysis of the Farm Fresh Foods for Healthy Kids initiative, a subsidized CSA, shows that such interventions are cost-effective by increasing caregivers’ fruit and vegetable intake and reducing household food insecurity15.
How could this strategy advance health equity? This strategy is rated potential to decrease disparities: supported by some evidence.
There is some evidence that subsidized or incentivized community supported agriculture (CSA) programs have the potential to decrease socioeconomic disparities in access to and consumption of healthy foods5, 6, 15, 56. In general, CSA programs can help reconnect urban and rural places and residents26. CSA programs have the potential to strengthen local food systems and promote human capital in rural communities by creating jobs, social connections, and delivering health and nutrition education57. Nutrition interventions such as CSAs and healthy food boxes may strengthen local food systems through partnerships with farmers from racial and ethnic minority groups and can improve access to healthy foods for households with low incomes58, 59.
In the U.S., CSA farmers continue to face a gender pay gap and insufficient livable incomes24, 60, even though CSA programs may contribute modestly to increased earnings for women farmers61. CSA participants tend to be white, female, and frequently have higher education, higher incomes7, 23, 62, and stronger levels of social connectedness than non-participants40. In the traditional CSA model, CSA participants usually need to make payments in advance of the growing season3. Without subsidized CSA shares, households with low incomes typically cannot afford to participate19, 21, 35. Limited confidence in food preparation and low familiarity with CSA programs seem to discourage participation among households with low incomes63. To advance social justice, researchers recommend supporting farmers’ livelihoods and promoting inclusive membership across race, income, and gender groups26.
What is the relevant historical background?
Throughout U.S. history, discriminatory housing, lending, and exclusionary zoning policies entrenched racial residential segregation and concentrated poverty64, 65. This systemic disinvestment and exclusion by both government and private entities created and maintains community environments with limited resources, deteriorating infrastructure, hazardous industries and waste disposal sites, and many other factors that lead to poorer health outcomes for people of color and people with low incomes66, 67, 68, 69. Communities shaped by discriminatory policies are often areas that have limited access to healthy and affordable food, formerly known as food deserts70, 71. Individuals who live in these communities face higher food costs, fewer store options, and must travel further to purchase healthy food than those who live in well-resourced communities70. Residents also have increased exposure to high calorie foods that have little nutritional value, which often leads to worse health outcomes71. Many rural areas also lack access to fresh and affordable food, even in areas where farming is an important part of the local economy72. It is crucial to recognize food insecurity as a public health issue where economic, social, and health factors intersect. Therefore, addressing food insecurity requires a multi-level, comprehensive approach involving strengthening social safety nets, tackling systemic inequities, and integrating health care73.
Community supported agriculture (CSA) was developed as an alternative farming model to conventional farming practices and inadequate food supply within the industrial food system60. In the U.S., the first CSA farms emerged in the 1980s60. CSAs seek to ensure just incomes for farmers as well as consumers’ right to access healthy food74. CSA interventions can meet needs among consumers, support individuals and communities, and improve social relations26. However, CSA membership is largely made up of households with above-average income and education, while participation among households with low incomes is minimal. Efforts to promote membership diversity and social inclusion in CSAs include government- or community-based financial support, multi-tiered membership fees, trial memberships, and incorporating CSAs into government-administered food justice programs74.
Equity Considerations
- Who faces food insecurity in your community? In what ways can CSA programs increase participation among individuals and households (e.g., diverse payment options, greater choice of produce, multiple pick-up locations, financial and transportation support, and cooking and nutrition education)?
- If CSA programs are available in your community, who leads them and how do they sustain their operations? Is public or private funding available to support CSA program expenses (e.g., advertising)? How can residents in your community participate in developing CSA programs that are culturally inclusive and responsive to local needs?
- What barriers or challenges to CSA programs do farmers experience? What supports and partnerships are needed to address these barriers and secure adequate incomes for CSA farmers?
Implementation Examples
As of 2020, over 7,200 farms in the U.S. reported selling products through a community supported agriculture (CSA) program. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) links to several searchable databases for CSA programs at the national, state, and regional levels1.
State legislation can support farmers markets and CSA programs, as in Oregon45. In California, CSA vendors can apply for and receive a machine for free that allows them to accept Electronic Benefits Transfer (EBT) payments for CSA shares23. City ordinances can also be adjusted to permit or encourage residents to host CSA pick-ups or to sell produce at their residences, as in Kansas City, Missouri46.
Many non-profit organizations work to connect consumers with CSA programs and to improve the accessibility of CSA shares through education, outreach, community building, and resource sharing; examples include the FairShare CSA coalition in Madison, Wisconsin2; the Portland Area CSA coalition47; the Food Project in the Boston-area48; and Local Harvest, a national organization49.
CSA programs around the country are working to reach consumers with low incomes from diverse backgrounds. For example, Corbin Hill Food Project in New York City is a year-round farm share program that connects farms to residents with low incomes and communities of Black, Latino, and immigrants50. It offers weekly subscriptions, subsidized and sponsorship shares, flexible payment options that accept EBT payment and foods reflecting diverse cultures51. The Harvest Share CSA is a subsidized CSA program that provides culturally adapted produce and recipes to Asian American households in Brooklyn52. Zenger Farm in Portland, OR accepts EBT payments, has sliding scale pricing, and offers one-week trial shares53. Clagett Farm in Maryland offers reduced-price shares and workshares, and their full-price memberships fund shares for households with low incomes through From the Ground Up, a collaboration with a local food bank that distributes shares and offers educational programming and farm visits54. Philly Foodworks partners with Greensgrow, an urban farm and garden in Philadelphia, to offer discounted CSA shares for Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) participants55.
Many health insurance providers offer consumers rebates for purchasing CSA vegetable shares2. The Farm to Work program in Texas is a modified CSA which allows employees to order fresh produce baskets from local farmers which are then delivered to their worksite13.
Implementation Resources
‡ Resources with a focus on equity.
USDA NAL-CSA - U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), National Agricultural Library (NAL). Community supported agriculture (CSA).
LHC-Rockeymoore 2014 - Rockeymoore M, Moscetti C, Fountain A. Rural childhood obesity prevention toolkit. Leadership for Healthy Communities (LHC), Center for Global Policy Solutions, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation; 2014.
ISU-Food and sustainability resources - Iowa State University (ISU), Sustainable Food Processing Alliance. Online resources for food and sustainability.
Footnotes
* Journal subscription may be required for access.
1 USDA NAL-CSA - U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), National Agricultural Library (NAL). Community supported agriculture (CSA).
2 FairShare-How it works - FairShare CSA Coalition. About CSA: How it works.
3 Seguin-Fowler 2021 - Seguin-Fowler, R. A., Hanson, K. L., Jilcott Pitts, S. B., Kolodinsky, J., Sitaker, M., Ammerman, A. S., Marshall, G. A., Belarmino, E. H., Garner, J. A., & Wang, W. (2021). Community supported agriculture plus nutrition education improves skills, self-efficacy, and eating behaviors among low-income caregivers but not their children: A randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 18(1), 112.
4 Forbes 2008 - Forbes CB, Harmon AH. Buying into community-supported agriculture: Strategies for overcoming income barriers. Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition. 2008;2(2-3):65-79.
5 Rossi 2021 - Rossi, J., & Woods, T. (2021). Incentivizing wellness through community supported agriculture: Reflections on shareholder impacts of an employer-based CSA voucher program. Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development, 11(1), 27-44.
6 Berkowitz 2019 - Berkowitz, S. A., O'Neill, J., Sayer, E., Shahid, N. N., Petrie, M., Schouboe, S., Saraceno, M., & Bellin, R. (2019). Health center–based community-supported agriculture: An RCT. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 57(6), S55-S64.
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8 Izumi 2020 - Izumi, B. T., Martin, A., Garvin, T., Higgins Tejera, C., Ness, S., Pranian, K., & Lubowicki, L. (2020). CSA partnerships for health: outcome evaluation results from a subsidized community-supported agriculture program to connect safety-net clinic patients with farms to improve dietary behaviors, food security, and overall health. Translational Behavioral Medicine, 10(6), 1277–1285.
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42 Witzling 2020 - Witzling, L,. Shaw, B. R., Strader, C., Sedlak, C., & Jones, E. (2020). The role of community: CSA member retention. British Food Journal, 122(7), 2289–2302.
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46 KCMO-Urban ag - Kansas City Center for Urban Agriculture. Growing good food in Kansas City neighborhoods: A guide to urban agriculture codes in KCMO.
47 Portland Area-CSA - Portland Area CSA Coalition. CSA resources: Connecting you with your farmer through community supported agriculture.
48 TFP-CSA - The Food Project (TFP). Farm shares & community supported agriculture (CSA).
49 Local Harvest-CSA - LocalHarvest. Community supported agriculture: Find a local CSA.
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51 CHFP-Farm share - Corbin Hill Food Project (CHFP). Farm Share.
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53 Zenger Farm-CSA - Zenger Farm. CSA-Community Supported Agriculture.
54 CBF-CSA - Chesapeake Bay Foundation (CBF). Community Supported Agriculture.
55 PFW-SNAP - Philly Foodworks. SNAP farm share program.
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Related What Works for Health Strategies
To see all strategies:
countyhealthrankings.org/whatworks