School breakfast programs
School breakfast programs offer students a nutritious breakfast, often incorporating a variety of healthy and culturally relevant choices. Breakfast can be served in the cafeteria before school starts, from grab and go carts in hallways, or in classrooms as the school day begins. Some schools offer breakfast during a morning break, called second chance breakfast or school brunch1. Schools that participate in the federal School Breakfast Program receive subsidies for each breakfast served. Students from families with incomes at or below 130 percent of the federal poverty level are eligible for free breakfast and children from families with incomes between 130 and 185 percent of the federal poverty level qualify for reduced-cost breakfast; schools are reimbursed at higher rates for free and reduced-cost breakfasts2. School participation in the federal program varies by state and region3. Some participating schools offer free breakfast to all students, often called universal free breakfast, others only to qualifying students4.
What could this strategy improve?
Expected Benefits
Our evidence rating is based on the likelihood of achieving these outcomes:
Increased academic achievement
Increased healthy food consumption
Improved student attendance
Potential Benefits
Our evidence rating is not based on these outcomes, but these benefits may also be possible:
Improved nutrition
Increased food security
Improved weight status
What does the research say about effectiveness?
There is strong evidence that having access to school breakfast programs increases academic engagement and achievement, especially among nutritionally deficient or malnourished children5, 6, 7, 8. School breakfast program effects can vary by participant characteristics and program type (e.g., universal, breakfast in the classroom, grab and go, etc.)9, 10. School breakfast program access and participation have been shown to improve student attendance, especially when schools offer free, universal school breakfast5, 6, 7, 11, 12. Access to school breakfast programs also increases healthy food consumption and can improve breakfast nutrition6, 13, 14, 15, 16.
Academic outcomes. School breakfast program participation improves academic achievement and cognitive function, especially among elementary school students5, 7, 8. Some school breakfast studies have found positive, but not statistically significant academic effects, and other studies have shown mixed or no results for academic outcomes5, 9. Overall, school breakfast programs have positive effects on long-term academic achievement, which may be due to increased attendance5, 7, 17. Academic effects are strongest with universal free breakfast programs7 and among nutritionally vulnerable children7, 8. One study suggests breakfast in the classroom may modestly increase reading and math achievement, including test scores, more than traditional cafeteria-based programs18. Other studies suggest that while access to school breakfast is important, universal breakfast in the classroom programs may not improve academic outcomes more than traditional breakfast programs11, 19. Studies of habitual breakfast quality show that regular access and exposure to higher quality, nutritious school breakfasts can improve academic performance more than less nutritious breakfasts6, 7, 8, 17.
Attendance outcomes. School breakfast programs can improve school attendance5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 17. Breakfast after the bell programs may increase school breakfast participation and appear to improve student attendance, especially among older students or those in high school9. When comparing breakfast after the bell programs, the breakfast in the classroom model resulted in the largest increases in school breakfast participation among students who were eligible for free or reduced-price meals9.
Food-related outcomes. School breakfast availability can reduce short-term hunger20, marginal food insecurity, and food-related concerns for households with low incomes21, 22, 23. State policies requiring schools to offer breakfast can reduce food insecurity for elementary school age children24. Students regularly eating school breakfast, even those eating double breakfasts, appear more likely to have a healthy weight trajectory than students frequently skipping breakfast25. Following implementation of nutrition standards through the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act (HHFKA), eating school breakfast and lunch daily is associated with modestly healthier dietary intake, including more fruits and vegetables, dietary fiber, whole grains, dairy, and calcium17, 26. HHFKA also established the Community Eligibility Provision, which improves school meal administrative efficiency and offers schools higher reimbursement rates if they provide universal free meals, which increases student participation27. Available evidence shows that after HHFKA implementation, students who eat breakfast in the classroom consume a nutritionally substantive breakfast and have better dietary outcomes than students who eat breakfast in the cafeteria or from home9.
Universal free breakfast. Universal free breakfast programs have been shown to dramatically increase school breakfast participation, especially when breakfast is served in classrooms3, 11, 28, 29, 30. Universal free breakfast programs appear to improve test scores and attendance more than other breakfast programs10. Universal programs also appear to slightly, but significantly, increase servings of fruit and dairy products at breakfast, and reduce cholesterol intake16, 31.
Best practices. To increase student participation in school breakfast programs, experts recommend: (a) longer breakfast periods (at least 10 minutes for breakfast) and adequate breakfast time between bus arrival and the start of class3, 17, (b) universal programs to reduce stigma32 or at least efforts to prevent overt identification of children eating free or reduced-price meals17, (c) promotion of the health benefits of breakfast, (d) marketing school breakfast to older students, and (e) education for families about the low cost and variety of foods available33. Experts suggest that efforts to improve the nutritional quality of food available through school meals avoid strict calorie restrictions, particularly for food insecure children who consume significant portions of their daily calories in school meals34. Strong district wellness policies have also been associated with increases in school breakfast participation35. Improvements in school-level breakfast program participation have been found when using grab-and-go models as well as full breakfast after the bell models, suggesting that cheaper implementation options may still have overall positive effects36. Challenges for breakfast participation include pricing for students and school systems, lack of time or logistics issues for schools, foods not aligning with preferences, location and environment for the meal, and lack of time for kids to eat27.
Benefits of breakfast. Overall, skipping breakfast can diminish cognitive performance37. Breakfast consumption improves short-term memory, attention, and cognitive performance7, 38, 39, and has positive effects on academic achievement, quality of life, and well-being39.
How could this strategy advance health equity? This strategy is rated potential to decrease disparities: suggested by expert opinion.
Experts suggest that school breakfast programs, especially universal school breakfasts, have the potential to decrease disparities in access to healthy breakfasts and to increase school breakfast participation, especially among students eligible for free and reduced-price meals who may not be participating because of the stigma sometimes associated with school breakfast participation9, 27, 32, 35. Nationally, over 75% of school lunches and almost 90% of school breakfasts in 2020 were served to students eligible for free or reduced-price meals27. Skipping breakfast at home is more prevalent among youth of color and youth from households with low incomes than among white youth and youth from households with higher incomes32, 35, 44. Some studies have found that students of color were more likely to eat school breakfast than white students35, 36. Children who experience food insecurity consume more of their daily energy from school meals than children who do not experience food insecurity45. Overall, school foods are higher quality and more nutritious than non-school foods45, particularly after the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act (HHFKA) updated nutrition standards in 2010 and improved child diet quality46.
Families with lower incomes often lack access to affordable healthy food and are more likely to experience food insecurity47. Available evidence suggests food insecurity and hunger impact emotional and mental well-being, which can lead to inappropriate classroom behavior. Several studies suggest school breakfast programs can improve student behavior, especially among students identifying as part of a racial or ethnic minority population9. One study in a rural middle school with a primarily Hispanic student population suggests offering free breakfast in the classroom increases breakfast consumption, reduces behavior violations, improves academic performance, and appears easier to implement than teachers expected48. An Arkansas-based study of K-7 students suggests that schools implementing breakfast after the bell programs have fewer infractions for misconduct, with the greatest benefits reported among students eligible for free or reduced-price meals and students of color49.
A Dallas-based study of breakfast after the bell in a population of mostly Hispanic and Black students suggests the program improves student attendance12. A study of public K-8 schools in Philadelphia suggests that breakfast in the classroom increases school breakfast participation in urban schools in low-income areas28. A study in rural Minnesota high schools shows increases in school breakfast participation with the implementation of a program combining school-wide policy changes (e.g., new grab-and-go menu, service outside the cafeteria, second chance breakfast) and student-led school breakfast program marketing50.
Available evidence suggests students experiencing persistent feelings of sadness or hopelessness are more likely to skip breakfast every day, especially female students44. Students who feel connected to school and report receiving mostly As or Bs are less likely to skip breakfast everyday44.
What is the relevant historical background?
In the U.S., the first school meal programs were provided by private societies and child welfare associations in the 1800s and early 1900s51. Congress established the National School Lunch Program in 1946 to both reduce undernutrition in children and increase demand for domestic agriculture commodities52. In 1966, during the Civil Rights movement, the Child Nutrition Act created the first National School Lunch Program subsidies for children from families with low incomes53 and the National School Breakfast Program was established as a pilot program that became permanent in 197554. School breakfast program participation has grown steadily over time, from about half a million children in the 1970s to over 15.4 million children in 20232, 54. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Universal Free School Meals provided school breakfast and lunch to all students. This program ended for the 2022-2023 school year and many schools returned to the old free and reduced-price meal policy for school breakfasts and lunches9.
Implementation of healthier school breakfasts and lunches after the passage of the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act (HHFKA) has been associated with reductions in health disparities among children in poverty55, 56. In 2018, the Trump Administration introduced school nutrition standard flexibilities that weakened the phased implementation of lower sodium limits and reduced the requirements for whole grains57. The USDA announced updated standards in 2024 to limit added sugars and sodium in school meals starting in the 2025-2026 school year58.
School nutrition standards are often influenced by the commercial interests of corporations who sell school food59. Large companies or organizations in the food industry, such as the National Potato Council and the School Nutrition Association, have lobbied against healthier school food60. In the current U.S. policy context, food that is cheap for corporations to produce tends to be less nutritious, more calorie dense, and contains more chemical additives and preservatives than food that is more expensive. Food procurement policies that dictate schools must choose the lowest bid, rather than the healthiest one, may entrench cheaply made and less healthy food options59.
Equity Considerations
- How available are school breakfast programs in your local schools? Do all students in your neighborhood schools have access to nutritious breakfast options? What barriers or challenges to eating healthy breakfasts do your students experience?
- Who decides in your community whether school breakfast is universally free and available? How are budgets for school meals determined in your local schools? Who should have a voice in ongoing school breakfast decisions?
- What community partnerships or collaborations could support breakfast in the classroom, grab and go carts, or second breakfast options for your students?
Implementation Examples
In 2023-2024, on an average school day, nearly 15.4 million children participated in the School Breakfast Program, with nearly 12.2 million children receiving a free or reduced-price school breakfast2. Children from families with low incomes participate in school breakfast programs much more than children from families with higher incomes, and schools that serve mostly students from families with low incomes are more likely to offer breakfast2, 3.
As of 2023, 40 states and Washington, D.C. have enacted legislation to support school breakfast programs. Several states require all schools to serve breakfast, while other states require schools to serve breakfast if a set percentage of their students are eligible for free or reduced-price school meals, and many states provide additional state funding to support school breakfasts40. Several states have established school breakfast challenges to increase school breakfast participation, using alternative programs such as grab and go breakfast, breakfast in the classroom, or second chance breakfast, as in Maryland, Michigan, Nebraska, New Hampshire, and North Carolina1, 40.
In the 2025-2026 school year for schools in the contiguous states, reimbursement rates are set at $2.46 for each free breakfast served, $2.16 for each reduced-cost breakfast, and 40 cents for each full price breakfast. Schools with severe needs qualify for an additional 48 cents per free or reduced-cost breakfast served41.
The Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child (WSCC) model creates environments that support healthy choices for students, which includes efforts to improve the school food environment, often incorporating healthy school breakfast programs42. The One Healthy Breakfast program provides breakfast after the bell, breakfast nutrition education, marketing and engagement strategies for elementary and middle school students and their families43.
Implementation Resources
‡ Resources with a focus on equity.
FRAC-SBP - Food Research and Action Center (FRAC). School breakfast program.
USDA-SBP - U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Food and Nutrition Service (FNS). School Breakfast Program (SBP).
CDC-Health and academics - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Health and academic achievement. 2014.
CDC-School nutrition 2019 - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Comprehensive framework for addressing the school nutrition environment and services. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2019.
USDA-SN training - U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). Professional standards for school nutrition professionals: Training and resources.
NKH CBP-School breakfast - No Kid Hungry, Center for Best Practices (NKH CBP). (n.d.). School breakfast.
Food Trust-OHB - The Food Trust. (n.d.). The Food Trust’s one healthy breakfast toolkit. Retrieved August 29, 2025.
Footnotes
* Journal subscription may be required for access.
1 NKH CBP-School breakfast - No Kid Hungry, Center for Best Practices (NKH CBP). (n.d.). School breakfast.
2 FRAC-SBP - Food Research and Action Center (FRAC). School breakfast program.
3 Bartfeld 2010 - Bartfeld J, Kim M. Participation in the School Breakfast Program: New evidence from the ECLS-K. Social Service Review. 2010;84(4):541–62.
4 FRAC-Woo 2015 - Woo N, Hewins J, Burke M, et al. School breakfast scorecard: School year 2013-2014. Washington, D.C.: Food Research and Action Center (FRAC); 2015.
5 Hartline-Grafton 2022 - Hartline-Grafton, H., & Levin, M. (2022). Breakfast and school-related outcomes in children and adolescents in the U.S.: A literature review and its implications for school nutrition policy. Current Nutrition Reports, 11(4), 653–664.
6 Frisvold 2015 - Frisvold DE. Nutrition and cognitive achievement: An evaluation of the School Breakfast Program. Journal of Public Economics. 2015:124:91-104.
7 Hoyland 2009 - Hoyland A, Dye L, Lawton CL. A systematic review of the effect of breakfast on the cognitive performance of children and adolescents. Nutrition Research Reviews. 2009;22(2):220–43.
8 Adolphus 2013 - Adolphus K, Lawton CL, Dye L. The effects of breakfast on behavior and academic performance in children and adolescents. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 2013;7:425.
9 Olarte 2023 - Olarte, D. A., Tsai, M. M., Chapman, L., Hager, E. R., & Cohen, J. F. W. (2023). Alternative school breakfast service models and associations with breakfast participation, diet quality, body mass index, attendance, behavior, and academic performance: A systematic review. Nutrients, 15(13), 2951.
10 Bartfeld 2019 - Bartfeld JS, Berger L, Men F, et al. Access to the school breakfast program is associated with higher attendance and test scores among elementary school students. Journal of Nutrition. 2019;149(2):336-343.
11 Anzman-Frasca 2015 - Anzman-Frasca S, Djang HC, Halmo MM, Dolan PR, Economos CD. Estimating impacts of a breakfast in the classroom program on school outcomes. JAMA Pediatrics. 2015;169(1):71-77.
12 Chandrasekhar 2023 - Chandrasekhar, A., Xie, L., Mathew, M. S., Fletcher, J. G., Craker, K., Parayil, M., & Messiah, S. E. (2023). Academic and attendance outcomes after participation in a school breakfast program. Journal of School Health, 93(6), 508–514.
13 Bhattacharya 2006 - Bhattacharya J, Currie J, Haider SJ. Breakfast of champions? The School Breakfast Program and the nutrition of children and families. Journal of Human Resources. 2006;41(3):445–66.
14 Murphy 2011 - Murphy S, Moore GF, Tapper K, et al. Free healthy breakfasts in primary schools: A cluster randomised controlled trial of a policy intervention in Wales, UK. Public Health Nutrition. 2011;14(2):219-226.
15 Ask 2006 - Ask AS, Hernes S, Aarek I, Johannessen G, Haugen M. Changes in dietary pattern in 15 year old adolescents following a 4 month dietary intervention with school breakfast: A pilot study. Nutrition Journal. 2006;5:33.
16 ERS-Fox 2004 - Fox M, Hamilton W, Lin B. Effects of food assistance and nutrition programs on nutrition and health: Volume 4, Executive summary of the literature review. Economic Research Service (ERS), Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Reports. 2004;19(4):1-10.
17 CDC-School meals 2024 - U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2024, July 23). School Meals. School Nutrition.
18 Imberman 2014 - Imberman SA, Kugler AD. The effect of providing breakfast in class on student performance. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management. 2014;33(3):669-699.
19 Leos-Urbel 2013 - Leos-Urbel J, Schwartz AE, Weinstein M, et al. Not just for poor kids: The impact of universal free school breakfast on meal participation and student outcomes. Economics of Education Review. 2013;36:88-107.
20 Mhurchu 2012 - Mhurchu NC, Gorton D, Turley M, et al. Effects of a free school breakfast programme on children's attendance, academic achievement and short-term hunger: Results from a stepped-wedge, cluster randomised controlled trial. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health. 2012:6-13.
21 USDA-Bartfeld 2009 - Bartfeld J, Kim M, Ryu JH, Ahn H-M. The School Breakfast Program: Participation and impacts. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Economic Research Service (ERS); 2009.
22 Bartfeld 2011 - Bartfeld JS, Ahn H-M. The School Breakfast Program strengthens household food security among low-income households with elementary school children. Journal of Nutrition. 2011;141(3):470–5.
23 Gundersen 2015 - Gundersen C. Food assistance programs and child health. The Future of Children: Policies to Promote Child Health. The Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University, The Brookings Institution. 2015:25(1):91-109.
24 Fletcher 2017 - Fletcher JM, Frisvold DE. The relationship between the school breakfast program and food insecurity. The Journal of Consumer Affairs. 2017;51(3):481-500.
25 Wang 2017 - Wang S, Schwartz MB, Shebl FM, et al. School breakfast and body mass index: A longitudinal observational study of middle school students. Pediatric Obesity. 2017;12(3):213-220.
26 Au 2018 - Au LE, Gurzo K, Gosliner W, et al. Eating school meals daily is associated with healthier dietary intakes: The healthy communities study. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2018;118(8):1474-1481.e1.
27 Ferris 2022 - Ferris, D., Jabbari, J., Chun, Y., & Sándoval, J. S. O. (2022). Increased school breakfast participation from policy and program innovation: The community eligibility provision and breakfast after the bell. Nutrients, 14(3), 511.
28 Polonsky 2019 - Polonsky HM, Bauer KW, Fisher JO, et al. Effect of a breakfast in the classroom initiative on obesity in urban school-aged children: A cluster randomized clinical trial. Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA) Pediatrics. 2019;173(4):326-333.
29 Corcoran 2016 - Corcoran SP, Elbel B, Schwartz AE. The effect of breakfast in the classroom on obesity and academic performance: Evidence from New York City. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management. 2016;35(3):509-532.
30 USDA-Bernstein 2004 - Bernstein LS, McLaughlin JE, Crepinsek MK, et al. Evaluation of the School Breakfast Program pilot project: Final report. Alexandria: Office of Analysis, Nutrition, and Evaluation, Food and Nutrition Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA); 2004.
31 Crepinsek 2006 - Crepinsek MK, Singh A, Bernstein LS, McLaughlin JE. Dietary effects of universal-free school breakfast: Findings from the evaluation of the school breakfast program pilot project. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2006;106(11):1796-1803.
32 Bullock 2022 - Bullock, S. L., Dawson-McClure, S., Truesdale, K. P., Ward, D. S., Aiello, A. E., & Ammerman, A. S. (2022). Associations between a universal free breakfast policy and school breakfast program participation, school attendance, and weight status: A district-wide analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(7), 3749.
33 Lopez-Neyman 2016 - Lopez-Neyman SM, Warren CA. Barriers and advantages to student participation in the school breakfast program based on the social ecological model: A review of the literature. The Journal of Child Nutrition and Management. 2016;40(2):1-13.
34 Brookings-Bauer 2016 - Bauer L, Schanzenbach DW. Are nutrition policies making teenagers hungry? Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution; 2016.
35 Leider 2020 - Leider, J., Lin, W., Piekarz-Porter, E., Turner, L., & Chriqui, J. F. (2020). The role of district wellness policies in encouraging student participation in the school breakfast program, United States. Nutrients, 12(8), 2187.
36 Larson 2017 - Larson N, Davey CS, Caspi CE, Kubik MY, Nanney MS. School-based obesity-prevention policies and practices and weight-control behaviors among adolescents. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2017;117(2):204-213.
37 Basch 2011 - Basch CE. Breakfast and the achievement gap among urban minority group. Journal of School Health. 2011;81(10):635-40.
38 Adolphus 2021 - Adolphus, K., Hoyland, A., Walton, J., Quadt, F., Lawton, C. L., & Dye, L. (2021). Ready-to-eat cereal and milk for breakfast compared with no breakfast has a positive acute effect on cognitive function and subjective state in 11–13-year-olds: A school-based, randomised, controlled, parallel groups trial. European Journal of Nutrition, 60(6), 3325–3342.
39 Lundqvist 2018 - Lundqvist M, Vogel NE, Levin LA. Effects of eating breakfast and school breakfast programmes on children and adolescents: A systematic review. Center for Medical Technology Assessment. 2018:47.
40 FRAC-School meals legislation - Food Research & Action Center (FRAC). (2023, July). School meals legislation and funding by state.
41 USDA-Meal reimbursement - U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Food and Nutrition Service (FNS). National School Lunch Program and School Breakfast Program rates of reimbursement.
42 CDC-School nutrition 2019 - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Comprehensive framework for addressing the school nutrition environment and services. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2019.
43 Food Trust-OHB - The Food Trust. (n.d.). The Food Trust’s one healthy breakfast toolkit. Retrieved August 29, 2025.
44 Sliwa 2024 - Sliwa, S. A., Merlo, C. L., McKinnon, I. I., Self, J. L., Kissler, C. J., Saelee, R., & Rasberry, C. N. (2024). Skipping breakfast and academic grades, persistent feelings of sadness or hopelessness, and school connectedness among high school students—Youth risk behavior survey, United States, 2023. MMWR Supplements, 73(4), 87–93.
45 Forrestal 2021 - Forrestal S, Potamites E, Guthrie J, Paxton N. Associations among food security, school meal participation, and students’ diet quality in the first school nutrition and meal cost study. Nutrients. 2021;13(2):307.
46 Liu 2021a - Liu J, Micha R, Li Y, Mozaffarian D. Trends in food sources and diet quality among U.S. children and adults, 2003-2018. JAMA Network Open. 2021;4(4):e215262.
47 USDA-ERS Coleman-Jensen 2021 - Coleman-Jensen A, Rabbitt MP, Gregory CA, Singh A. Household food security in the United States in 2020, ERR-298. U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Economic Research Service (ERS). 2021.
48 Witzel 2023 - Witzel, B., & Wall-Bassett, E. (2023). Household food insecurity and student behavior: The impact of one school’s second breakfast program. Mid-Western Educational Researcher, 35(1).
49 Cuadros-Menaca 2022a - Cuadros‐Meñaca, A., Thomsen, M. R., & Nayga, R. M. (2023). School breakfast and student behavior. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 105(1), 99–121.
50 Nanney 2019 - Nanney, M. S., Leduc, R., Hearst, M., Shanafelt, A., Wang, Q., Schroeder, M., Grannon, K. Y., Kubik, M. Y., Caspi, C., & Harnack, L. J. (2019). A group randomized intervention trial increases participation in the school breakfast program in 16 rural high schools in Minnesota. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 119(6), 915–922.
51 USDA-Gunderson 1971 - Gunderson, GW. History of the National School Lunch program. U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). 1971.
52 USDA-ERS Ralston 2008 - Ralston K, Newman C, Clauson A, Guthrie J, Buzby J. The National School Lunch program: Background, trends, and issues, ERR 61. U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Economic Research Service (ERS). 2008.
53 Thompson 2020a - Thompson ED. Why nutritious meals matter in school. Phi Delta Kappan. 2020;102(1):34-37.
54 USDA-SBP - U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Food and Nutrition Service (FNS). School Breakfast Program (SBP).
55 Cohen 2021a - Cohen JFW, Hecht AA, Hager ER, et al. Strategies to improve school meal consumption: A systematic review. Nutrients. 2021;13(10):3520.
56 Kenney 2020 - Kenney EL, Barrett JL, Bleich SN, et al. Impact of the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act on obesity trends. Health Affairs. 2020;39(7):1122-1129.
57 Kogan 2019 - Kogan R. Rollback of nutrition standards not supported by evidence. Health Affairs Forefront. 2019.
58 USDA-School nutrition updates - U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Food and Nutrition Service (FNS). School nutrition standard updates.
59 Gaddis 2019 - Gaddis JE. The labor of lunch: Why we need real food and real jobs in American public schools. Oakland: University of California Press; 2019.
60 Schwartz 2019 - Schwartz MB, Brownell KD, Miller DL. Primer on U.S. food and nutrition policy and public health: Protect school nutrition standards. American Journal of Public Health. 2019;109(7):990-991.
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