Individual Development Accounts (IDAs)
Evidence Ratings
Scientifically Supported: Strategies with this rating are most likely to make a difference. These strategies have been tested in many robust studies with consistently positive results.
Some Evidence: Strategies with this rating are likely to work, but further research is needed to confirm effects. These strategies have been tested more than once and results trend positive overall.
Expert Opinion: Strategies with this rating are recommended by credible, impartial experts but have limited research documenting effects; further research, often with stronger designs, is needed to confirm effects.
Insufficient Evidence: Strategies with this rating have limited research documenting effects. These strategies need further research, often with stronger designs, to confirm effects.
Mixed Evidence: Strategies with this rating have been tested more than once and results are inconsistent or trend negative; further research is needed to confirm effects.
Evidence of Ineffectiveness: Strategies with this rating are not good investments. These strategies have been tested in many robust studies with consistently negative and sometimes harmful results. Learn more about our methods
Strategies with this rating are likely to work, but further research is needed to confirm effects. These strategies have been tested more than once and results trend positive overall.
Evidence Ratings
Scientifically Supported: Strategies with this rating are most likely to make a difference. These strategies have been tested in many robust studies with consistently positive results.
Some Evidence: Strategies with this rating are likely to work, but further research is needed to confirm effects. These strategies have been tested more than once and results trend positive overall.
Expert Opinion: Strategies with this rating are recommended by credible, impartial experts but have limited research documenting effects; further research, often with stronger designs, is needed to confirm effects.
Insufficient Evidence: Strategies with this rating have limited research documenting effects. These strategies need further research, often with stronger designs, to confirm effects.
Mixed Evidence: Strategies with this rating have been tested more than once and results are inconsistent or trend negative; further research is needed to confirm effects.
Evidence of Ineffectiveness: Strategies with this rating are not good investments. These strategies have been tested in many robust studies with consistently negative and sometimes harmful results. Learn more about our methods
Strategies with this rating are likely to work, but further research is needed to confirm effects. These strategies have been tested more than once and results trend positive overall.
Disparity Ratings
Potential to decrease disparities: Strategies with this rating have the potential to decrease or eliminate disparities between subgroups. Rating is suggested by evidence, expert opinion or strategy design.
Potential for mixed impact on disparities: Strategies with this rating could increase and decrease disparities between subgroups. Rating is suggested by evidence or expert opinion.
Potential to increase disparities: Strategies with this rating have the potential to increase or exacerbate disparities between subgroups. Rating is suggested by evidence, expert opinion or strategy design.
Inconclusive impact on disparities: Strategies with this rating do not have enough evidence to assess potential impact on disparities.
Strategies with this rating have the potential to decrease or eliminate disparities between subgroups. Rating is suggested by evidence, expert opinion or strategy design.
Health factors shape the health of individuals and communities. Everything from our education to our environments impacts our health. Modifying these clinical, behavioral, social, economic, and environmental factors can influence how long and how well people live, now and in the future.
Individual Development Accounts (IDAs) are subsidized matched savings programs, generally for individuals and families with low and moderate incomes. Participants deposit money into an IDA and savings are matched by program sponsors. To retain matching funds, withdrawals from the IDA must be used for qualified expenditures such as home purchases, postsecondary education, or small business development. Programs are often sponsored by government agencies and run and funded through partnerships between financial institutions and nonprofit organizations that already provide services to potential participants1. IDAs sometimes serve as an opportunity to connect people with low incomes to mainstream financial products2.
What could this strategy improve?
Expected Benefits
Our evidence rating is based on the likelihood of achieving these outcomes:
Increased asset accumulation
Potential Benefits
Our evidence rating is not based on these outcomes, but these benefits may also be possible:
Reduced foreclosure
Increased college enrollment
What does the research say about effectiveness?
There is some evidence that Individual Development Accounts (IDAs) facilitate modest asset accumulation in the short-term among households with low incomes, especially those with particularly low wealth3. However, additional evidence is needed to confirm effects.
Studies of IDAs indicate that participants with low incomes can save, generally small amounts3. While some participants withdraw their savings for unqualified purposes, losing the match4, others use their savings and matched funds for qualified purchases. IDA programs increase homeownership rates among participants that start the program as renters2, 5. However, in a Tulsa-based study, both IDA participants and non-participants had similar rates of homeownership 10 years later6. IDA homebuyers may be more likely to have access to and use government-insured loans, instead of higher interest rate or subprime loans, and foreclosure rates may be lower for IDA participants than for other homebuyers with low incomes7. However, IDA participation may not increase assets and savings over the long-term8, 9, though larger-scale implementation is needed along with increased funding to confirm program effects3.
IDA participation may positively effect credit scores3 and increase postsecondary enrollment among those saving for higher education10. It may reduce financial hardship, especially due to costly medical emergencies or high utility bills. IDA participation has also been associated with reduced use of predatory check cashing services2. When participants open an IDA at a young age, they may save more over time11. An assessment of participants in Tulsa, Oklahoma, suggests no effects, positive or negative, on mental health 10 years after initial participation12.
Financial education, peer group meetings, match rates, direct deposit, and monthly savings targets appear to increase the success of IDA programs13. Programs may be more successful when they target specific groups, like youth with disabilities from families with low incomes11. High intensity IDA programs may not be a cost-effective means of encouraging saving; an evaluation of one of the American Dream Demonstration sites, a four-year, county-level IDA program in Tulsa, Oklahoma, estimates an average of $3 in program costs for every $1 saved by the 471 participants14.
How could this strategy advance health equity? This strategy is rated potential to decrease disparities: suggested by intervention design.
Individual Development Accounts (IDAs) have the potential to decrease disparities in asset accumulation between people with low incomes and those with higher incomes, since they are designed to assist individuals and families with low or moderate incomes. Account holders can withdraw funds to procure assets such as homes, post-secondary education, or small businesses to interrupt the cycle of intergenerational poverty that contributes to disparities in wealth and education across income groups and racial identities3. IDAs may also play a role in getting people with low incomes connected to mainstream financial services2.
The impact of IDAs on wealth disparities between people of color and white people is inconclusive. One small study in Milwaukee targeting youth with disabilities from families with low incomes found Black youth were more likely to open an IDA and save at a higher rate; however, white youth were still more likely to accumulate more savings than Black youth. The same study did find that tailoring the program to youth with disabilities can increase their rate of opening an IDA11.
What is the relevant historical background?
Individual Development Accounts (IDAs) were first proposed in 1991 as a lifelong, asset-building tool tailored to working families with low and moderate incomes to improve their economic well-being. Since their inception, IDAs have been employed as an asset-building strategy with private funding for matching funds from for- and non-profits. From 1998 to 2017, the Assets for Independence Act provided federal funding for matching, until the Trump administration stopped funding for the program3.
Families and individuals from many racial and ethnic groups throughout history have been systematically excluded from education and homeownership opportunities, kept in low paying jobs, and prevented from accumulating generational wealth. The racial wealth gap is a result of centuries of exploitation of human capital and theft of the assets of people of color, including Blacks, Hispanics, and Native people. One false narrative suggests that the racial wealth gap exists because of differences in financial behaviors and knowledge between racial and ethnic groups in the U.S.17. This narrative ignores the long history of policies and practices that permitted the legal, illegal, and extralegal seizure of assets of people of color that continues today. This history is reinforced by institutionalized racism embedded in policies that limit wealth building opportunities and prevent the economic stability of minority populations and populations with low incomes. For example, homeownership in the U.S. is central to building and transferring household wealth; however, redlining and discriminatory housing policies have denied this opportunity for millions of households of color18. As a result, millions of families have little to no savings or assets, have a severely limited capacity to buy assets or invest in education, and lack access to basic financial services and affordable capital. IDAs are designed to help these families begin to accumulate savings and assets, but larger scale implementation, generous funding, and additional interventions and investment are also needed to break the cycle of poverty, change systemic barriers, and support wealth building for all Americans3, 19.
Equity Considerations
- Who would benefit the most from Individual Development Accounts (IDAs) in your community? How can the program be designed to generously support and encourage participation among individuals historically excluded from education and wealth building opportunities?
- What amount of matching dollars should be invested so the program would be effective at closing the racial wealth divide? Who can you engage to provide those matching funds?
- Do the goals of the IDA program match the goals of prospective participant families? How can IDAs meet the needs of families’ expectations for their financial well-being? Can they be designed to support families in cases of emergency without losing access to future matching opportunities?
- What other services or comprehensive interventions could be integrated with IDAs to improve financial stability, support wealth building, and connect participants to mainstream financial services?
Implementation Examples
Ten states funded Individual Development Account (IDA) programs in 2021, with only five of them consistently funding them for the last three years1.
Non-governmental organizations can support IDAs; for example, the Jim Casey Youth Opportunities Initiative’s Opportunity Passport IDA program provides funding for programs for youth transitioning out of foster care in many states15.
The federal Assets for Independence program, authorized in 1998, has historically been the largest source of IDA funding in the U.S., supporting programs in 49 states and Washington, D.C. through competitive grants12. However, funding has been suspended since fiscal year 201616.
Implementation Resources
‡ Resources with a focus on equity.
CBPP-McNichol 2004 - McNichol L, Springer J. State policies to assist working-poor families. Washington, D.C.: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities (CBPP); 2004.
US DHHS-AFI Resource Center - U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (U.S. DHHS), Administration for Children & Families (ACF). Assets for Independence (AFI) Resource Center.
Prosperity Now-IDA - Prosperity Now. Individual Development Accounts (IDA).
Prosperity Now-IDA program map - Prosperity Now. Find an IDA program.
Footnotes
* Journal subscription may be required for access.
1 Prosperity Now-State IDA - Prosperity Now. Individual Development Accounts (IDA): What states can do.
2 Urban-McKernan 2020 - Mckernan S, Mills G, Ratcliffe C, Congdon WJ, Pergamit M. Building savings, ownership, and financial well-being: First- and third-year Assets for Independence Program randomized evaluation findings in context. Washington, D.C.: Office of Planning, Research, and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2020.
3 Birkenmaier 2022 - Birkenmaier J, Kim Y, Maynard B. Financial outcomes of interventions designed to improve financial capability through individual development accounts: A systematic review. Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work (United States). 2022;19(4):408-439.
4 Mills 2008 - Mills G, Gale WG, Patterson R, et al. Effects of Individual Development Accounts on asset purchases and saving behavior: Evidence from a controlled experiment. Journal of Public Economics. 2008;92(5-6):1509-1530.
5 Grinstein-Weiss 2008 - Grinstein-Weiss M, Lee JS, Greeson JKP, et al. Fostering low-income homeownership through individual development accounts: A longitudinal, randomized experiment. Housing Policy Debate. 2008;19(4):711-739.
6 Grinstein-Weiss 2013a - Grinstein-Weiss M, Sherraden M, Gale WG, et al. Long-term impacts of individual development accounts on homeownership among baseline renters: Follow-up evidence from a randomized experiment. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy. 2013;5(1):122-145.
7 McKernan 2011 - McKernan SM, Rademacher I, Ratcliffe C, et al. Weathering the storm: How have IDA homebuyers fared in the foreclosure crisis? Housing Policy Debate. 2011;21(4):605-625.
8 Grinstein-Weiss 2015a - Grinstein-Weiss M, Sherraden M, Gale WG, et al. Effects of an individual development account program on retirement saving: Follow-up evidence from a randomized experiment. Journal of Gerontological Social Work. 2015;58(6):572-589.
9 Rothwell 2013 - Rothwell DW, Sultana N. Cash-flow and savings practices of low-income households: Evidence from a follow-up study of IDA participants. Journal of Social Service Research. 2013;39(2):281-292.
10 Grinstein-Weiss 2013 - Grinstein-Weiss M, Sherraden M, Gale WG, et al. Long-term effects of Individual Development Accounts on postsecondary education: Follow-up evidence from a randomized experiment. Economics of Education Review. 2013;33:58-68.
11 Jones 2021 - Jones WD, Phillips BN, Hartman E, et al. The relationship among demographic factors, transition services, and Individual Development Account (IDA) saving participation among transition-age youth with disabilities. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin. 2021;65(1):37-48.
12 Rohe 2017 - Rohe WM, Key C, Grinstein-Weiss M, Schreiner M, Sherraden M. The impacts of individual development accounts, assets, and debt on future orientation and psychological depression. Journal of Policy Practice. 2017;16(1):24-45.
13 Grinstein-Weiss 2010 - Grinstein-Weiss M, Chowa GAN, Casalotti AM. Individual Development Accounts for housing policy: Analysis of individual and program characteristics. Housing Studies. 2010;25(1):63-82.
14 WU CSD-Schreiner 2004 - Schreiner M. Program costs for Individual Development Accounts: Final figures from CAPTC in Tulsa. Saint Louis: Center for Social Development, George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis; 2004.
15 Urban-Edelstein 2014 - Edelstein S, Lowenstein C. Supporting youth transitioning out of foster care, issue brief 2: Financial literacy and asset building programs. Washington, D.C.: The Urban Institute; 2014.
16 US DHHS-AFI Resource Center - U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (U.S. DHHS), Administration for Children & Families (ACF). Assets for Independence (AFI) Resource Center.
17 FRB-Hamilton 2017 - Hamilton D, Darity WA. The political economy of education, financial literacy, and the racial wealth gap. Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis Review. 2017;99(1):59-76.
18 Finsel 2022 - Finsel C, Watson Grote M, Libby M, Mahon C, Sherraden MS. Financial Capability and Asset Building With a Racial- and Gender-Equity Lens: Advances From the Field. Families in Society. 2022;103(1):86-100.
19 Chen 2020a - Chen Z, Elliott W. Saving for college: Perspectives from participants in a universal children’s savings program. Journal of Children and Poverty. 2020;26(2):151-166.
Related What Works for Health Strategies
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