Bicycle helmet laws
Evidence Ratings
Scientifically Supported: Strategies with this rating are most likely to make a difference. These strategies have been tested in many robust studies with consistently positive results.
Some Evidence: Strategies with this rating are likely to work, but further research is needed to confirm effects. These strategies have been tested more than once and results trend positive overall.
Expert Opinion: Strategies with this rating are recommended by credible, impartial experts but have limited research documenting effects; further research, often with stronger designs, is needed to confirm effects.
Insufficient Evidence: Strategies with this rating have limited research documenting effects. These strategies need further research, often with stronger designs, to confirm effects.
Mixed Evidence: Strategies with this rating have been tested more than once and results are inconsistent or trend negative; further research is needed to confirm effects.
Evidence of Ineffectiveness: Strategies with this rating are not good investments. These strategies have been tested in many robust studies with consistently negative and sometimes harmful results. Learn more about our methods
Strategies with this rating are most likely to make a difference. These strategies have been tested in many robust studies with consistently positive results.
Evidence Ratings
Scientifically Supported: Strategies with this rating are most likely to make a difference. These strategies have been tested in many robust studies with consistently positive results.
Some Evidence: Strategies with this rating are likely to work, but further research is needed to confirm effects. These strategies have been tested more than once and results trend positive overall.
Expert Opinion: Strategies with this rating are recommended by credible, impartial experts but have limited research documenting effects; further research, often with stronger designs, is needed to confirm effects.
Insufficient Evidence: Strategies with this rating have limited research documenting effects. These strategies need further research, often with stronger designs, to confirm effects.
Mixed Evidence: Strategies with this rating have been tested more than once and results are inconsistent or trend negative; further research is needed to confirm effects.
Evidence of Ineffectiveness: Strategies with this rating are not good investments. These strategies have been tested in many robust studies with consistently negative and sometimes harmful results. Learn more about our methods
Strategies with this rating are most likely to make a difference. These strategies have been tested in many robust studies with consistently positive results.
Health factors shape the health of individuals and communities. Everything from our education to our environments impacts our health. Modifying these clinical, behavioral, social, economic, and environmental factors can influence how long and how well people live, now and in the future.
Bicycle helmet laws require bicyclists to wear helmets. Such laws may be established locally or statewide, and may apply to children or to all bicyclists. Penalties for violators vary, but are generally minor1. Many bicyclists do not wear helmets; in a 2012 national survey of bicyclists, 46% of respondents over the age of 15 reported never wearing a helmet2.
What could this strategy improve?
Expected Benefits
Our evidence rating is based on the likelihood of achieving these outcomes:
Increased helmet use
Reduced head injury
Potential Benefits
Our evidence rating is not based on these outcomes, but these benefits may also be possible:
Reduced child deaths
What does the research say about effectiveness?
There is strong evidence that bicycle helmet laws that require children to wear helmets increase helmet use3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and reduce head injury among children1, 3, 8, 9, 10, 11. Wearing a helmet can reduce fatal and non-fatal head and face injuries for bicyclists12.
Laws that require children to wear helmets appear to reduce bicycling-related deaths among children3, 6, 13. Helmet laws that apply to all bicyclists may increase helmet use14 and reduce head injuries among children and adults8, 9, 10. Increases in adults’ helmet use may also lead to increased helmet use among children15.
Statewide laws appear to increase children’s helmet use more than local laws16. Effects of helmet laws on the frequency of youth cycling is unclear5, 6.
Overall, helmet laws appear to increase helmet use more in areas with a low baseline proportion of helmet use than areas with high baseline use4. A study of high school students in urban areas suggests that bicycle helmet laws may increase helmet use among all racial groups; however, increases appear to be greater among white students than black and Latino students17. A Canada-based study suggests that child-focused helmet laws do not increase disparities in helmet wearing among children by income level18.
Researchers suggest enforcement penalties increase effectiveness of bicycle helmet laws19.
How could this strategy impact health disparities? This strategy is rated no impact on disparities likely.
Implementation Examples
Implementation Resources
IIHS-Bicycle laws - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS). Bicycle helmet use.
BHSI-Laws - Bicycle Helmet Safety Institute (BHSI). Mandatory helmet laws.
Footnotes
* Journal subscription may be required for access.
1 Markowitz 2015 - Markowitz S, Chatterji P. Effects of bicycle helmet laws on children’s injuries. Health Economics. 2015:24(1);26-40.
2 NHTSA-Schroeder 2013 - Schroeder P, Wilbur M. 2012 National survey of bicyclist and pedestrian attitudes and behavior, volume 2: Findings report (Report No. DOT HS 811 841 B). Washington, D.C.: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA); 2013.
3 Cochrane-Macpherson 2010 - Macpherson A, Spinks A. Bicycle helmet legislation for the uptake of helmet use and prevention of head injuries. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2008;(3):CD005401.
4 Karkhaneh 2006 - Karkhaneh M, Kalenga J, Hagel B, Rowe B. Effectiveness of bicycle helmet legislation to increase helmet use: A systematic review. Injury Prevention. 2006;12(2):76–82.
5 Kraemer 2016a - Kraemer JD. Helmet laws. helmet use, and bicycle ridership. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2016;59(3):338-344.
6 Carpenter 2011 - Carpenter CS, Stehr M, Journal S, May N. Intended and unintended consequences of youth bicycle helmet laws. Journal of Law and Economics. 2011;54(2):305–24.
7 Jewett 2016 - Jewett A, Beck LF, Taylor C, Baldwin G. Bicycle helmet use among persons 5 years and older in the United States, 2012. Journal of Safety Research. 2016;59:1-7.
8 Walter 2011 - Walter SR, Olivier J, Churches T, Grzebieta R. The impact of compulsory cycle helmet legislation on cyclist head injuries in New South Wales, Australia. Accident Analysis & Prevention. 2011;43(6):2064–71.
9 Olivier 2013 - Olivier J, Walter SR, Grzebieta RH. Long term bicycle related head injury trends for New South Wales, Australia following mandatory helmet legislation. Accident Analysis & Prevention. 2013;50:1128–34.
10 Kett 2016 - Kett P, Rivara F, Gomez A, Kirk AP, Yantsides C. The effect of an all-ages bicycle helmet law on bicycle-related trauma. Journal of Community Health. 2016;41(6):1160-1166.
11 Karkhaneh 2013 - Karkhaneh M, Rowe BH, Saunders LD, Voaklander DC, Hagel BE. Trends in head injuries associated with mandatory bicycle helmet legislation targeting children and adolescents. Accident Analysis & Prevention. 2013;59:206-212.
12 Olivier 2017 - Olivier J, Creighton P. Bicycle injuries and helmet use: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2016;46(1):278-292.
13 Meehan 2013 - Meehan WP, Lee LK, Fischer CM, Mannix RC. Bicycle helmet laws are associated with a lower fatality rate from bicycle-motor vehicle collisions. The Journal of Pediatrics. 2013;163(3):726-729.
14 Huybers 2017 - Huybers S, Fenerty L, Kureshi N, et al. Long-term effects of education and legislation enforcement on all-age bicycle helmet use: A longitudinal study. Journal of Community Health. 2017;42(1):83-89.
15 Wesson 2008 - Wesson DE, Stephens DS, Lam K, et al. Trends in pediatric and adult bicycling deaths before and after passage of a bicycle helmet law. Pediatrics. 2008;122(3):605-610.
16 Dellinger 2010 - Dellinger AM, Kresnow M. Bicycle helmet use among children in the United States: The effects of legislation, personal and household factors. Journal of Safety Research. 2010;41(4):375–80.
17 Kraemer 2016b - Kraemer JD. Bicycle helmet laws and persistent racial and ethnic helmet use disparities among urban high school students: A repeated cross-sectional analysis. Injury Epidemiology. 2016;3(1):21.
18 Karkhaneh 2011 - Karkhaneh M, Rowe BH, Saunders LD, et al. Bicycle helmet use four years after the introduction of helmet legislation in Alberta, Canada. Accident Analysis & Prevention. 2011;43(3):788-796.
19 Williams 2018 - Williams C, Weston R, Feinglass J, Crandall M. Pediatric bicycle helmet legislation and crash-related traumatic brain injury in Illinois, 1999-2009. Journal of Surgical Research. 2018;222:231-237.
20 IIHS-Bicycle laws - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS). Bicycle helmet use.
21 BHSI-Laws - Bicycle Helmet Safety Institute (BHSI). Mandatory helmet laws.
Related What Works for Health Strategies
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